Martyrs’ Day (30 January)

A No-Confidence Motion against the Speaker of the Lok Sabha under Article 94 requires an absolute majority of all the then members, ensuring stability of the office while balancing accountability, neutrality, and constitutional morality.

Observed on 30 January, Martyrs’ Day honours Mahatma Gandhi and India’s freedom fighters. The nation pauses at 11 AM for two minutes of silence—reaffirming constitutional values, civic duty, and ethical governance.

Ancient India forged unity through interaction, not uniformity—blending diverse peoples, faiths, languages and regions into a resilient civilization shaped by Bharatavarsha, Sanskrit, shared epics and adaptive social systems.

France links Alpine geography, nuclear-driven energy security and semi-presidential governance with a growing Indo-Pacific role and strategic partnership with India, making it a high-yield topic for UPSC aspirants.