Martyrs’ Day (30 January)

Observed on 30 January, Martyrs’ Day honours Mahatma Gandhi and India’s freedom fighters. The nation pauses at 11 AM for two minutes of silence—reaffirming constitutional values, civic duty, and ethical governance.

Ancient India forged unity through interaction, not uniformity—blending diverse peoples, faiths, languages and regions into a resilient civilization shaped by Bharatavarsha, Sanskrit, shared epics and adaptive social systems.

France links Alpine geography, nuclear-driven energy security and semi-presidential governance with a growing Indo-Pacific role and strategic partnership with India, making it a high-yield topic for UPSC aspirants.

The United States of America occupies a pivotal position in North America, where its mountain systems, river basins and coastal plains have shaped agriculture, industry and global power, making it a classic case study in regional geography and geopolitics for UPSC aspirants.