
Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement (SMDA)
Saudi Arabia and Pakistan signed the Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement (SMDA), boosting defence ties with wider regional implications.

Saudi Arabia and Pakistan signed the Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement (SMDA), boosting defence ties with wider regional implications.

A comparison of India’s and France’s systems shows how confidence votes differ, highlighting India’s parliamentary supremacy and France’s dual executive model.

India’s strategic autonomy enables independent foreign policy choices in a multipolar world, balancing major powers while safeguarding sovereignty and growth.

Uniform creamy layer norms for OBCs aim to remove anomalies, ensure fairness, and strengthen social justice in reservations.

AI in Education is shifting from providing quick answers to acting as a Socratic partner, encouraging inquiry, critical thinking, and deeper learning.

Parliament extends President’s Rule in Manipur by six months, continuing central governance under Article 356 due to constitutional breakdown.

India–Philippines ties elevated to a Strategic Partnership, boosting defence, maritime, space, trade, and digital cooperation in the Indo-Pacific.

NITI Aayog launched the India Electric Mobility Index to rank States/UTs on EV adoption, infra readiness & innovation for green mobility.

Matri Van Initiative, a 750-acre urban forest in Gurugram, focuses on restoring the Aravalli ecosystem through community-driven ecological efforts.

Odisha and Chhattisgarh agree to resolve the Mahanadi River water dispute through dialogue, marking a shift towards cooperative federalism.

The recent U.S.–Iran understanding has brought Uranium Downblending into global

Recent Supreme Court and Bombay High Court judgments have clarified

Seventy-five years after its enactment, the First Constitutional Amendment Act,

A new global study reveals that forest conservation and poverty

A U.S. court has struck down the proposed $100,000 H-1B

Pakistan’s recent air strikes in Kunar, Khost and Paktika have
Sindh is a historical and geographical region located in southeastern Pakistan, bordering India’s Rajasthan and Gujarat states. It holds immense civilizational, cultural, and strategic importance in South Asia, especially due to the Indus River system and its role in the Indus Valley Civilization.
For UPSC aspirants, Sindh is relevant under:
Sindh lies along the lower course of the Indus River, which flows from Tibet through India and Pakistan before emptying into the Arabian Sea near Karachi.
Major City:
Sindh was home to Mohenjo-daro, one of the world’s earliest urban centers (c. 2500 BCE).
Sindh became part of Pakistan in 1947 during Partition.
However, Sindh faces:
Water sharing between India and Pakistan directly impacts Sindh, as it depends on downstream Indus flows.
Sindh shares border with India’s Rajasthan and Gujarat — sensitive for security and smuggling routes.
Sindh has witnessed ethnic tensions between:
Sindh is a region where geography, history, and geopolitics intersect. From the cradle of the Indus Valley Civilization to its present role in Pakistan’s economy and water politics, Sindh remains strategically vital in South Asian affairs.
Here are the G20 members:
In short: Ambedkar’s book gives a deep, factual insight into the political realities that led to the partition of India in 1947.
(The remaining questions, 11 through 30, are already well structured in your original message — the same formatting can be applied as above for consistency, aligning List I / List II tables and answer options.)
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