Seventy-five years after its enactment, the First Constitutional Amendment Act, 1951 continues to shape India’s democracy. From introducing the Ninth Schedule and enabling land reforms to expanding reservations and redefining free speech limits, its legacy remains central to debates on rights, social justice, and judicial review.
The 85th Amendment (2001) grants SC/ST employees reservation in promotions with consequential seniority, applied retrospectively from 1995.
The 81st and 82nd Amendments strengthened SC/ST representation by allowing carry-forward of reserved vacancies and relaxing promotion standards.
The 81st Amendment Bill, 1996 proposed one-third reservation for women in Parliament and State Assemblies, building on earlier local body reforms.
The 77th Amendment (1995) restored reservation in promotions for SCs/STs after the Indra Sawhney ruling, ensuring their adequate representation in government services.
Known as the Mini-Constitution, the 42nd Constitutional Amendment of 1976 reshaped India’s polity by centralizing power and limiting judicial independence.
The recent U.S.–Iran understanding has brought Uranium Downblending into global
Recent Supreme Court and Bombay High Court judgments have clarified
Seventy-five years after its enactment, the First Constitutional Amendment Act,
A new global study reveals that forest conservation and poverty
A U.S. court has struck down the proposed $100,000 H-1B
Pakistan’s recent air strikes in Kunar, Khost and Paktika have
