Constitution

The Indra Sawhney case (1992)
Indra Sawhney Case (1992)
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The Indra Sawhney case (1992) upheld OBC reservations, introduced the creamy layer, set a 50% cap, and reshaped India’s quota system.

Article 16
Article 16
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Article 16 ensures equal job opportunities, allows reservations for SCs, STs, OBCs & EWS, and balances equality with social justice.

Article 21
Article 21
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Article 21 ensures life & liberty with dignity. Courts expanded it to livelihood, privacy, environment & fair trial.

Article 15
Article 15
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Article 15 prohibits discrimination on religion, caste, sex, etc., while permitting reservations for women, backward classes & EWS.

Article 14
Article 14
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Article 14 ensures equality before law & equal protection, expanded by courts to curb arbitrariness and uphold gender justice.

Preamble of the Indian Constitution
Preamble of the Indian Constitution
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The Preamble declares India as a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic ensuring Justice, Liberty, Equality & Fraternity.

42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976
42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976
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Known as the Mini-Constitution, the 42nd Constitutional Amendment of 1976 reshaped India’s polity by centralizing power and limiting judicial independence.

Article 39A
Article 39A
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Article 39A ensures free legal aid for the poor and marginalized, promoting equal access to justice as part of the Directive Principles.

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