The Indra Sawhney case (1992)
Indra Sawhney Case (1992)

The Indra Sawhney case (1992) upheld OBC reservations, introduced the creamy layer, set a 50% cap, and reshaped India’s quota system.

Article 16
Article 16

Article 16 ensures equal job opportunities, allows reservations for SCs, STs, OBCs & EWS, and balances equality with social justice.

Article 21
Article 21

Article 21 ensures life & liberty with dignity. Courts expanded it to livelihood, privacy, environment & fair trial.

Article 15
Article 15

Article 15 prohibits discrimination on religion, caste, sex, etc., while permitting reservations for women, backward classes & EWS.

Article 14
Article 14

Article 14 ensures equality before law & equal protection, expanded by courts to curb arbitrariness and uphold gender justice.

Preamble of the Indian Constitution
Preamble of the Indian Constitution

The Preamble declares India as a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic ensuring Justice, Liberty, Equality & Fraternity.

Article 324
Article 324

Article 324 vests the superintendence of elections in the Election Commission, ensuring free, fair, and independent electoral processes in India.

42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976
42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976

Known as the Mini-Constitution, the 42nd Constitutional Amendment of 1976 reshaped India’s polity by centralizing power and limiting judicial independence.

Article 39A
Article 39A

Article 39A ensures free legal aid for the poor and marginalized, promoting equal access to justice as part of the Directive Principles.

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