Modern History - WannaBe HPAS: UPSC and State PSC Preparation

Here are the G20 members:

European Union
Argentina
Australia
Brazil
Canada
China
France
Germany
India
Indonesia
Italy
Japan
Republic of Korea
Mexico
Russia
Saudi Arabia
South Africa
Türkiye
United Kingdom
United States
African Union

Manuscript – Guide to London by Mahatma Gandhi

Important Points –

Author: Mahatma Gandhi
Written: Around 1888–1889, during his stay in London as a law student.
Type: Unpublished manuscript, not released during his lifetime.
Purpose: To guide Indian students going to London on how to live and study responsibly.
Content: Advice on food, clothing, housing, expenses, and moral conduct.
Main Message: Live simply, truthfully, and with self-discipline while respecting both Indian and Western values.
Cultural Insight: Encourages learning from the West without blindly imitating Western habits.
Significance: Shows Gandhi’s early ethical thinking and values that later shaped his philosophy.

Whither India by J L Nehru

Important Points

Author: Jawaharlal Nehru — India’s first Prime Minister and a leading nationalist thinker.
Published: 1928, during India’s growing demand for self-rule.
Main Theme: Questions India’s future direction — toward freedom and progress or continued colonial subjugation.
Critique of British Rule: Strongly condemns British exploitation, repression, and failed reforms.
Call for Complete Independence: Advocates for Purna Swaraj (complete independence), not partial concessions.
Youth and Nationalism: Inspires Indian youth to take part in the freedom struggle with courage and idealism.
Economic Vision: Discusses industrial development, socialism, and the need for equitable growth.
Social Change: Emphasizes equality, education, and scientific thinking as keys to India’s progress.
Tone: Idealistic yet practical — a blend of passion, intellect, and realism.
Significance: The book helped shape Nehru’s later political philosophy and the ideological base of modern India.

Pakistan or The Partition of India by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar

Important Points —

Author: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
Published: 1940
Main Focus: Examines the demand for Pakistan and the causes of India’s partition.
Hindu–Muslim Divide: Analyzes the religious, cultural, and political differences between Hindus and Muslims.
Critique of Political Parties:
- Criticizes the Congress for ignoring minority concerns.
- Criticizes the Muslim League for promoting separation.
Unity Question: Questions whether Hindus and Muslims can form one nation under a single government.
Feasibility of Partition: Discusses the practical challenges of dividing India, including administration and defense.
View on Partition: Considers partition unfortunate but possibly necessary to avoid civil conflict.
Proposed Solutions: Suggests constitutional safeguards and minority rights as alternatives to separation.
Significance: Provides a balanced, realistic, and historical analysis of one of India’s most critical political issues.

In short: Ambedkar’s book gives a deep, factual insight into the political realities that led to the partition of India in 1947.

The Political Future of India by Lala Lajpat Rai

Important Points —

Author: Lala Lajpat Rai – a prominent Indian nationalist leader, reformer, and thinker.
Publication Period: Around 1919, during the Indian freedom struggle.
Main Theme: India’s right to self-government (Swaraj) and political independence from British rule.
Critique of British Rule: Exposes the political and economic exploitation of India under colonialism.
Political Awareness: Urges Indians to develop political consciousness and unity across regions and communities.
Role of Education: Emphasizes modern and national education as key to India’s political awakening.
Economic Development: Advocates for industrial and economic self-reliance to reduce dependence on Britain.
Reforms Needed: Calls for constitutional and administrative reforms ensuring Indian participation in governance.
Moral and Social Strength: Stresses the need for moral integrity, discipline, and national character among citizens.
Vision for the Future: Envisions a democratic, self-governing India built on justice, equality, and patriotism.

11–30:

(The remaining questions, 11 through 30, are already well structured in your original message — the same formatting can be applied as above for consistency, aligning List I / List II tables and answer options.)

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