Indian Polyvalent Antivenom

Indian Polyvalent Antivenom counters bites from the “Big Four” snakes but is less effective in Northeast, calling for region-specific solutions.

Indian Polyvalent Antivenom

Syllabus: Science & Technology (UPSC Prelims)
Source: The Hindu

Context:

At the Assam Snake Symposium 2025 in Guwahati, experts highlighted that the current polyvalent antivenom is less effective in Northeast India, stressing the need for region-specific alternatives.

What is Polyvalent Antivenom?

A life-saving serum used to neutralize snake venom.
Works against multiple snake species with a single antidote.
Developed by Indian manufacturers with research institutes like Haffkine Institute and Madras Crocodile Bank Trust.
Traditionally based on venom of the “Big Four” snakes.

Aim of Polyvalent Antivenom

Provide a broad-spectrum antidote to treat snakebites across India.
Reduce deaths by offering one treatment for most cases.

Key Features

Neutralizes venom of:
- Indian cobra
- Common krait
- Russell’s viper
- Saw-scaled viper
Widely available in hospitals (government & private).
More affordable than region-specific antivenoms.
Central to India’s snakebite treatment policy.

Issues with Polyvalent Antivenom

Limited efficacy in Northeast India, where other venomous snakes are common.
Leads to delayed recovery, complications, or death despite use.
Reflects over-dependence on a one-size-fits-all approach, neglecting India’s regional snake diversity.