Gir National Park

India’s Gir National Park safeguards the last wild population of Asiatic lions amidst growing environmental pressures.

Gir National Park & Asiatic Lion Conservation

Syllabus: Biodiversity & Environment (UPSC GS III, Prelims)

Gir National Park: An Overview

Located in the Junagadh district of Gujarat, Gir National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary is the only natural habitat of the Asiatic Lion (Panthera leo persica).
It was declared a sanctuary in 1965 and a national park in 1975.
Gir is the largest compact stretch of dry deciduous forest in the semi-arid western region of India.
The park supports diverse wildlife, including several species of mammals, reptiles, birds, insects, and rich flora.

Unique Socio-Ecological Link: Maldharis of Gir

Maldharis are traditional pastoral communities who reside within Gir Forest.
They live in settlements called “nesses” and maintain a symbiotic relationship with the forest and lions.
Their presence has coexisted with conservation efforts, though it also poses unique challenges in balancing livelihoods and wildlife protection.

Other Important National Parks in Gujarat

Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar
Vansda National Park
Marine National Park, Gulf of Kutch

Asiatic Lion: Conservation Profile

Scientific Name: Panthera leo persica
Natural Habitat: Gir National Park and surrounding areas in Gujarat

Protection Status:

IUCN Red List: Endangered
CITES: Appendix I (ban on international trade)
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I (highest level of protection)

Threats to the Asiatic Lion

Disease: In 2018, over 25 lions died due to the Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) outbreak in Gir.
Habitat Pressures: Encroachment, forest fires, overgrazing, collection of fuelwood, and NTFPs.
Human-Wildlife Conflict: Accidental deaths due to roads, wells, and rail tracks; rising tourism and religious pilgrimages increase stress on habitat.
Poaching: Recent years have shown signs of illegal hunting activity.

Conclusion

Gir National Park plays a vital role in conserving the Asiatic Lion, but the species remains highly vulnerable due to its restricted habitat, disease outbreaks, and increasing anthropogenic pressures. A balanced approach involving community participation, disease management, and habitat diversification is essential to ensure long-term survival.